§¢§ð§ã§ä §á§à§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ñ§ã§ä§â§à§ß§à§Þ§Ñ §¯§Ú§Ü§à§Ý§Ñ§ñ §¬§à§á§Ö§â§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ
§¿§ä§à§ä §á§à§Õ§Ñ§â§à§Ü ¡ª §Ò§ð§ã§ä §á§à§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ñ§ã§ä§â§à§ß§à§Þ§Ñ §¯§Ú§Ü§à§Ý§Ñ§ñ §¬§à§á§Ö§â§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ (1473 ¨C 1543). §¬§à§á§Ö§â§ß§Ú§Ü §â§à§Õ§Ú§Ý§ã§ñ §Ó §Ô§à§â§à§Õ§Ö §´§à§â§å§ß§î, §Ó §±§à§Ý§î§ê§Ö, §Ú §Ò§í§Ý §Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§ß§í§Þ §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ü§à§Þ, §Õ§à§Ü§ä§à§â§à§Þ §Þ§Ö§Õ§Ú§è§Ú§ß§í, §ä§Ö§à§Ý§à§Ô§à§Þ §Ú §Ñ§ã§ä§â§à§ß§à§Þ§à§Þ. §¦§Ô§à §ï§á§à§ç§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§å§ð §Ü§ß§Ú§Ô§å ?De revolutionibus orbium coelestium? (§° §Ó§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §ß§Ö§Ò§Ö§ã§ß§í§ç §ã§æ§Ö§â) §Ù§Ñ§é§Ñ§ã§ä§å§ð §â§Ñ§ã§ã§Þ§Ñ§ä§â§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §Ü§Ñ§Ü §à§ä§á§â§Ñ§Ó§ß§å§ð §ä§à§é§Ü§å §ã§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §Ù§Ñ§á§Ñ§Õ§ß§à§Û §Ñ§ã§ä§â§à§ß§à§Þ§Ú§Ú §Ú §Ù§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö, §Ò§Ý§Ñ§Ô§à§Õ§Ñ§â§ñ §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Þ§å §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§Ñ§ñ §â§Ö§Ó§à§Ý§ð§è§Ú§ñ. §¿§ä§Ñ §Ü§ß§Ú§Ô§Ñ §á§â§Ú§Ó§Ö§Ý§Ñ §Ü §à§á§â§à§Ó§Ö§â§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ô§Ö§à§è§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§Ú §Ó§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §³§à§Ý§ß§è§Ñ §Ú §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð §Õ§Ó§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ö§ä §Ó§à§Ü§â§å§Ô §³§à§Ý§ß§è§Ñ. §®§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§î §á§â§à§Õ§Ö§Þ§à§ß§ã§ä§â§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ñ, §é§ä§à §ß§Ñ§Ò§Ý§ð§Õ§Ñ§Ö§Þ§í§Ö §Õ§Ó§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§Ö§Ò§Ö§ã§ß§í§ç §ä§Ö§Ý §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §à§Ò§ì§ñ§ã§ß§Ú§ä§î, §ß§Ö §ã§é§Ú§ä§Ñ§ñ §©§Ö§Þ§Ý§ð §è§Ö§ß§ä§â§à§Þ §£§ã§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û.
§£§Ñ§Ø§ß§à §é§ä§Ú§ä§î §á§Ñ§Þ§ñ§ä§î §¬§à§á§Ö§â§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ, §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ, §Ó §Ü§à§â§ß§Ö §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ó§ê§Ö§Ô§à §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§è§Ú§ð §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ §à§Ò §å§ã§ä§â§à§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §£§ã§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö 500 §Ý§Ö§ä §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Õ. §°§ß §Ò§í§Ý §ß§Ö§Ù§Ñ§å§â§ñ§Õ§ß§í§Þ §Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Þ, §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ó§ê§Ú§Þ §á§à§Õ §ã§à§Þ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§å§ð §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§è§Ú§ð §Ñ§ã§ä§â§à§ß§à§Þ§Ú§Ú, §Ó §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Û §©§Ö§Þ§Ý§ñ §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §è§Ö§ß§ä§â§à§Þ §£§ã§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û.
§±§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î §±§à§Ý§î§ê§Ú §á§à§ã§à§Ý §¦§Ó§Ô§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §¬§å§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ §á§â§Ö§á§à§Õ§ß§Ö§ã §á§à§Õ§Ñ§â§à§Ü, §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§í§Û §à§ä §Ý§Ú§è§Ñ §°§°§¯ §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ §ã§Ö§Ü§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§â§Ö§Þ §µ §´§Ñ§ß§à§Þ (1909 ¨C 1974).
§°§ß §Ò§í§Ý §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§Ñ§ß §°§°§¯ §Ó §â§Ñ§Þ§Ü§Ñ§ç §Ó§ã§Ö§Þ§Ú§â§ß§à§Ô§à §á§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ 500-§Ý§Ö§ä§ß§Ö§Ô§à §ð§Ò§Ú§Ý§Ö§ñ §ã§à §Õ§ß§ñ §â§à§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §¬§à§á§Ö§â§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ §Ó 1973 §Ô§à§Õ§å.
§£ §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Þ §Ù§Ñ§ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §ß§Ñ §è§Ö§â§Ö§Þ§à§ß§Ú§Ú §Ó§â§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §á§à§Õ§Ñ§â§Ü§Ñ §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §ã§Ö§Ü§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§â§î §µ §´§Ñ§ß §à§ä§Þ§Ö§ä§Ú§Ý: ?§¬§à§á§Ö§â§ß§Ú§Ü §Ò§í§Ý §à§Õ§ß§à§Û §Ú§Ù §ä§Ö§ç §ñ§â§Ü§Ú§ç §Ý§Ú§é§ß§à§ã§ä§Ö§Û, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§Ó§Ú§ß§å§Ý§Ú §Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§è§í §Ù§ß§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ. §£§ã§Ö §Þ§í §Ó §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §é§Ö§â§á§Ñ§Ö§Þ §Ó§Õ§à§ç§ß§à§Ó§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó §Ö§Ô§à §å§ß§Ú§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ §á§à§ã§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú. §©§Ñ§Ý§à§Ø§Ú§Ó §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ã§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ö§ä§Ñ§â§ß§à§Û §Ñ§ã§ä§â§à§ß§à§Þ§Ú§Ú, §¬§à§á§Ö§â§ß§Ú§Ü §Ó§ß§Ö§ã §Ó§Ü§Ý§Ñ§Õ §Ó §Ù§Ñ§á§å§ã§Ü §Ñ§ã§ä§â§à§ß§Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Ó §Ú §Ü§à§ã§Þ§à§ß§Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Ó §Ó §Õ§Ó§Ñ§Õ§è§Ñ§ä§à§Þ §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ö §Ó §Ú§ç §å§Ó§Ý§Ö§Ü§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §á§å§ä§Ö§ê§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §á§à §£§ã§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û?.