1990-1999
United Nations Peacekeeping Operations
蘑菇视频IKOM
April 1991鈥揙ctober 2003
蘑菇视频 Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission
蘑菇视频IKOM is established in April 1991, following the forced withdrawal of Iraqi forces from Kuwait. Its task is to monitor the demilitarized zone (DMZ) along the Iraq-Kuwait border, deter border violations and report any hostile action. In February 1993, 蘑菇视频IKOM's strength and mandate are expanded to include the physical action to prevent violations of the DMZ and of the newly demarcated boundary between Iraq and Kuwait.
蘑菇视频AVEM II
June 1991鈥揊ebruary 1995
蘑菇视频 Angola Verification Mission II
蘑菇视频AVEM II is deployed to help the Angolan Government and the Uni茫o Nacional para la Independencia Total de Angola (蘑菇视频ITA) carry out the peace agreements ending 16 years of civil war. The 蘑菇视频 also observes and verifies elections, but 蘑菇视频ITA contests the results. After renewed fighting, the mission helps two sides bring about ceasefires and subsequently sign the Lusaka Protocol. 蘑菇视频AVEM II is asked to verify the initial stages of the agreement.
ONUSAL
July 1991鈥揂pril 1995
蘑菇视频 Observer Mission in El Salvador
Established in July 1991, ONUSAL verifies the peace agreements between the Government of El Salvador and the Frente Farabundo Marti para la Liberaci贸n Nacional aimed at ending a decade-long civil war. The agreements cover ceasefire, reform and reduction of armed forces, creation of a new police force, reform of judicial and electoral systems, human rights, land tenure, and other economic and social issues. ONUSAL also verifies elections in March and April 1993.
MINURSO
April 1991鈥揚resent
In 1988, the Government of Morocco and the Frente Popular para la Liberaci贸n de Saguia el-Hamra y de Rio de Oro (POLISARIO) agree on a plan leading to a referendum allowing the people of Western Sahara to decide territory鈥檚 political future. MINURSO is set up to monitor the ceasefire, and organize and conduct the referendum. Differences over key elements delay the plan鈥檚 full implementation; however, the ceasefire remains in effect and MINURSO continues to monitor its observance.
蘑菇视频AMIC
October 1991鈥揗arch 1992
蘑菇视频 Advance Mission in Cambodia
An advance mission to a larger operation, 蘑菇视频AMIC paves the way for the 蘑菇视频 Transitional Authority in Cambodia (蘑菇视频TAC). 蘑菇视频AMIC assists the Cambodian parties to maintain a ceasefire prior to the deployment of 蘑菇视频TAC, and initiates mine-awareness and mine-clearance programmes. The mission remains deployed until 蘑菇视频TAC becomes operational in March 1992.
蘑菇视频PROFOR
February 1992鈥揗arch 1995
蘑菇视频 Protection Force
蘑菇视频PROFOR is first set up in Croatia to ensure the demilitarization of certain designated areas. The mandate is then extended to Bosnia and Herzegovina to support the delivery of humanitarian relief, and monitor a "no-fly" zone and the "safe areas". Later, 蘑菇视频PROFOR also deploys to the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) for preventive monitoring in the border areas. In March 1995, 蘑菇视频PROFOR is restructured as 蘑菇视频CRO (Croatia), 蘑菇视频PROFOR (Bosnia and Herzegovina) and 蘑菇视频PREDEP (FYROM).
蘑菇视频TAC
March 1992鈥揝eptember 1993
蘑菇视频 Transitional Authority in Cambodia
After years of civil war and foreign intervention,Cambodia鈥檚 conflicting factions sign the Paris Agreements in October 1991. The Security Council establishes 蘑菇视频TAC, which disarms and demobilizes armed forces, supervises police, controls administrative structures, promotes human rights, repatriates refugees, conducts elections, and begins the country鈥檚 rehabilitation. With its mandate accomplished, 蘑菇视频TAC withdraws after the promulgation of the country鈥檚 constitution in 1993.
蘑菇视频OSOM I
April 1992鈥揗arch 1993
蘑菇视频 Operation in Somalia I
In 1991, factional fighting leads to famine and the collapse of the government in Somalia. The Security Council establishes 蘑菇视频OSOM I, which monitors the 1992 ceasefire, coordinates humanitarian assistance and ensures security of relief supplies. When the situation in the country deteriorates, the Council authorizes 蘑菇视频 Member States to form the Unified Task Force (蘑菇视频ITAF) to ensure safe delivery of humanitarian assistance.
ONUMOZ
December 1992鈥揇ecember 1994
蘑菇视频 Operation in Mozambique
The Government of Mozambique and the Resist锚ncia Nacional Mo莽ambicana agree in October 1992 to end 14 years of civil war. The Security Council establishes ONUMOZ to monitor the peace agreement; to verify ceasefire, demobilization of forces, police neutrality and elections; and to provide humanitarian assistance, including mine clearance. The new government in Mozambique is installed in December 1994, and ONUMOZ completes its mission.
蘑菇视频OSOM II
March 1993鈥揗arch 1995
蘑菇视频 Operation in Somalia II
蘑菇视频OSOM II is created to take over from 蘑菇视频ITAF. Its mandate is to establish, including through enforcement measures, a secure environment for humanitarian assistance by monitoring ceasefires, seizing unauthorized arms, maintaining security at ports, mine clearance, and assisting refugee repatriation. The mission also works to re-establish the police and state structures. 聽In 1994-1995, 蘑菇视频OSOM II focuses on promoting dialogue and supporting humanitarian efforts.
蘑菇视频OMUR
June 1993鈥揝eptember 1994
蘑菇视频 Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda
Fighting between the Armed Forces of the mainly Hutu Government of Rwanda and the Tutsi-led Rwandese Patriotic Front first breaks out in October 1990. 聽Despite a series of ceasefires, fighting resumes in 1993 across the Rwanda-Uganda border. Following a new ceasefire, the Security Council deploys 蘑菇视频OMUR to Uganda to verify that no military assistance is provided across the international border between the two countries.
蘑菇视频OMIG
August 1993鈥揓une 2009
Following an attempt by Abkhazia to secede from Georgia, fighting erupts in 1992 as Georgian Government troops try to secure rail and communications links. 蘑菇视频OMIG is set up to verify the 1993 agreement, but the deployment is suspended when the ceasefire breaks down. In 1994, following the signing of the ceasefire and separation of forces agreement, 蘑菇视频OMIG's mandate is expanded. The mission also observes the operations of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) peacekeeping force. [The mission in Georgia came to an end in June 2009 due to a lack of consensus among Security Council members on mandate extension.]
蘑菇视频OMIL
September 1993鈥揝eptember 1997
蘑菇视频 Observer Mission in Liberia
Civil war breaks out in Liberia in 1990. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) dispatches a peacekeeping force (ECOMOG) and mediates a series of agreements. 蘑菇视频OMIL is established to work with ECOMOG, monitor compliance with the ceasefire, arms embargo and demobilization, as well as investigate human rights violations. Despite setbacks and intermittent fighting, the parties agree to the ECOWAS time-table in 1997. 蘑菇视频OMIL observes elections, in consultation with ECOWAS and the Organization of African Unity.
蘑菇视频MIH
September 1993鈥揓une 1996
蘑菇视频 Mission in Haiti
In September 1991, the first democratically elected Haitian President is overthrown. Following an agreement to restore the constitutional government, 蘑菇视频MIH is created to help modernize the army and set up a new police force. The coup leaders, however, prevent 蘑菇视频MIH鈥檚 deployment, and the mission advance team withdraws. In 1994, a multinational force, authorized by the Security Council, restores the legitimate government in Haiti. 蘑菇视频MIH eventually takes over to sustain a secure environment, help set up a new police force, and create conditions for free and fair elections.
蘑菇视频AMIR
October 1993鈥揗arch 1996
蘑菇视频 Assistance Mission for Rwanda
蘑菇视频AMIR is established to help implement an agreement between the Rwandan Government and the Tutsi-led Rwandese Patriotic Front, by monitoring the ceasefire and ensuring security during the transition period. The genocidal campaign against Tutsis starts in April 1994. With its mandate reduced, 蘑菇视频AMIR works to end hostilities. As the situation deteriorates further, the Security Council enlarges 蘑菇视频AMIR to protect relief operations to the degree possible. After a new government is installed, 蘑菇视频AMIR supports reconciliation efforts and humanitarian assistance.
蘑菇视频ASOG
May 1994鈥揓une 1994
蘑菇视频 Aouzou Strip Observer Group
Ownership of the Aouzou Strip 鈥� an area between Chad and Libya 鈥� is contested by the two countries beginning in 1973. In September 1990, they refer this territorial dispute to the 蘑菇视频鈥檚 International Court of Justice. In accordance with Court鈥檚 decision, Libya withdraws from the Strip in April and May 1994. The Security Council deploys 蘑菇视频ASOG to monitor the withdrawal. The Group concludes after both sides declare the withdrawal complete.
蘑菇视频MOT
December 1994鈥揗ay 2000
蘑菇视频 Mission of Observers in Tajikistan
Tajikistan is destabilized by a civil war. From 1992, the 蘑菇视频 pursues good offices between the government and the United Tajik Opposition. The Commonwealth of Independent States deploys a peacekeeping force. 蘑菇视频MOT is established to monitor a ceasefire and maintain liaison with the CIS force. Parties sign a general peace agreement in June 1997 and 蘑菇视频MOT is expanded to help monitor its implementation.
蘑菇视频AVEM III
February 1995鈥揓une 1997
蘑菇视频 Angola Verification Mission III
蘑菇视频AVEM III is set up to help the government and 蘑菇视频ITA in restoring peace and achieving national reconciliation on the basis of the Peace Accords and the Lusaka Protocol, including by monitoring the ceasefire and disarmament, and supporting humanitarian activities and mine clearance. Despite the comprehensive timetable, the parties do not complete all tasks before the mission鈥檚 mandate ends. 蘑菇视频AVEM III is succeeded by a follow-on 蘑菇视频 mission, MONUA.
蘑菇视频CRO
March 1995鈥揓anuary 1996
蘑菇视频 Confidence Restoration Operation in Croatia
蘑菇视频CRO helps implement the ceasefire agreement in Croatia and monitors demilitarization in the Prevlaka peninsula. After Croatia reintegrates by force its territories in Western Slavonia and Krajina, the 蘑菇视频 mission withdraws from those areas. However, following agreement between the Government of Croatia and the Croatian Serb leaders providing for the peaceful integration of Eastern Slavonia into Croatia, the Security Council establishes a new peacekeeping operation in the area, 蘑菇视频TAES, and the mandate of 蘑菇视频CRO is terminated.
蘑菇视频PREDEP
March 1995鈥揊ebruary 1999
蘑菇视频 Preventive Deployment Force
蘑菇视频PREDEP replaces 蘑菇视频PROFOR in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The force monitors and reports on developments in areas along the borders with the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Albania which could undermine the country鈥檚 stability, and promotes inter-ethnic dialogue within the country. The Security Council terminates mission mandate in February 1999.
蘑菇视频MIBH
December 1995鈥揇ecember 2002
蘑菇视频 Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Set up in 1995, 蘑菇视频MIBH exercises a wide range of functions related to law enforcement and police reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The mission also coordinates other 蘑菇视频 activities in the country relating to humanitarian relief and refugees, demining, human rights, elections, and rehabilitation of infrastructure and economic reconstruction. Following the completion of its mandate, 蘑菇视频MIBH withdraws in December 2002.
蘑菇视频TAES
January 1996鈥揓anuary 1998
蘑菇视频 Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium
The Basic Agreement of November 1995 provides for the peaceful integration of the region into Croatia and requests the 蘑菇视频 to set up an administration to govern the region during the transition and to authorize an international force to maintain law and order. 蘑菇视频TAES supervises demilitarization, monitors the voluntary return of refugees, conducts and certifies the April 1997 elections, and undertakes other activities relevant to the Basic Agreement.
蘑菇视频MOP
February 1996鈥揇ecember 2002
蘑菇视频 Mission of Observers in Prevlaka
蘑菇视频MOP, established by the Security Council in February 1996, takes over from another 蘑菇视频 peacekeeping mission, 蘑菇视频CRO, the task of monitoring the demilitarization of the Prevlaka peninsula, a strategic area disputed by Croatia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Following the completion of its mandate, 蘑菇视频MOP withdraws in December 2002.
蘑菇视频SMIH
July 1996鈥揓uly 1997
蘑菇视频 Support Mission in Haiti
蘑菇视频SMIH is created to take over from 蘑菇视频MIH in further assisting the government in the professionalization of the police, and maintenance of a secure and stable environment conducive to the police reform process. It also coordinates activities of the 蘑菇视频 system in promoting institution-building, national reconciliation and economic rehabilitation.
MINUGUA
January 1997鈥揗ay 1997
蘑菇视频 Verification Mission in Guatemala
In December 1996, the Government of Guatemala and the Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca (URNG) sign a peace agreement ending 36 years of conflict. In January 1997, the Security Council attaches a military component to MINUGUA 鈥� a human rights verification mission established by the General Assembly in 1994. After verifying the ceasefire agreement, the separation of forces and the demobilization of URNG combatants, the military component is withdrawn.
MONUA
July 1997鈥揊ebruary 1999
蘑菇视频 Observer Mission in Angola
In July 1997, after 蘑菇视频AVEM III completes its mandate, a new 蘑菇视频 mission in Angola, MONUA, takes over to assist the Angolan parties in consolidating peace and national reconciliation, enhancing confidence-building and creating an environment conducive to long-term stability, democratic development, and the rehabilitation of the country. MONUA withdraws in February 1999. In October 1999, the Security Council establishes a political office, 蘑菇视频OA, to liaise with the authorities in the country.
蘑菇视频TMIH
August 1997鈥揘ovember 1997
蘑菇视频 Transition Mission in Haiti
A follow-on mission to 蘑菇视频SMIH, 蘑菇视频TMIH is set up with a mandate limited to a single four-month period ending on 30 November 1997, in order to assist the Government of Haiti by supporting and contributing to the professionalization of the Haitian National Police. The tasks include Training specialized police units in crowd control and the rapid reaction capability.
MIPONUH
December 1997鈥揗arch 2000
蘑菇视频 Civilian Police Mission in Haiti
MIPONUH is set up with a special emphasis on the assistance to and training of the Haitian specialized police units. Other tasks include mentoring police performance, guiding police officers in day-to-day duties, and maintaining close coordination with the international technical advisers to the national police.
蘑菇视频PSG
January 1998鈥揙ctober 1998
蘑菇视频 Civilian Police Support Group
After the withdrawal of 蘑菇视频TAES, the Security Council deploys a group of 蘑菇视频 police observers to continue monitoring the performance of the Croatian police in the Danube region, particularly with respect to the return of displaced persons, for a single nine-month period ending on 15 October 1998. The Group concludes its mission in October 1998, with the transition of its responsibilities to the police monitoring programme of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.
MINURCA
April 1998鈥揊ebruary 2000
蘑菇视频 Mission in the Central African Republic
In 1996, the Central African Republic is shaken by mutinies in the army. In January 1997, after four African Presidents mediate a truce, the parties sign the Bangui Agreements and an inter-African force (MISAB) deploys to monitor their implementation. MINURCA takes over from MISAB in April 1998 to assist in maintaining security and stability, monitor the final disposition of weapons retrieved in the disarmament exercise, and provide advice on the restructuring of national police and on national election plans.
蘑菇视频OMSIL
July 1998鈥揙ctober 1999
蘑菇视频 Observer Mission in Sierra Leone
In May 1997, unrest in Sierra Leone culminates in a military coup that overthrows the democratically elected government. The intervention by the Economic Community of West African States and its peacekeeping force restores the government in March 1998. 蘑菇视频OMSIL is set up to monitor the military and security situation, as well as the disarmament and demobilization of former combatants. 蘑菇视频OMSIL withdraws when a larger 蘑菇视频 peacekeeping operation, 蘑菇视频AMSIL, is deployed.
蘑菇视频MIK
June 1999鈥揚resent
In June 1999, the Security Council authorizes a NATO-led security presence (KFOR) in Kosovo and a 蘑菇视频 peacekeeping operation, 蘑菇视频MIK, to exercise administrative and executive authority in the province; maintain law and order; coordinate humanitarian relief; support the reconstruction of infrastructure; promote human rights; and assure the safe return of refugees and displaced persons. The mission is also to promote the establishment of substantial autonomy and self-government, and facilitate a political process to determine Kosovo's future status.
蘑菇视频AMSIL
October 1999鈥揇ecember 2005
蘑菇视频 Mission in Sierra Leone
With the mandate of 蘑菇视频OMSIL completed, 蘑菇视频AMSIL is set up by the Security Council to cooperate with the government and other parties in implementing the Lome Peace Agreement and to assist in the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration process. 蘑菇视频AMSIL completes its mandate in December 2005; it is succeeded by a follow-on mission, 蘑菇视频IOSIL, established to further help consolidate peace in the country.
蘑菇视频TAET
October 1999鈥揗ay 2002
蘑菇视频 Transitional Administration in East Timor
In August 1999, the people of East Timor choose to separate from Indonesia in a poll organized by the 蘑菇视频. In response, anti-independence forces unleash a campaign of terror. The Security Council authorizes an international force (INTERFET) to restore order. In October, the Council sets up 蘑菇视频TAET to administer the Territory, and exercise legislative and executive authority during the transition period. 蘑菇视频TAET completes its mandate in May 2002, when East Timor becomes an independent nation.
MONUC
November 1999鈥損resent
In mid-1999, an agreement for the cessation of hostilities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is reached. MONUC is set up to maintain liaison with the parties to the agreement. The mission is expanded in 2000 to monitor the implementation of the ceasefire, help implement the peace agreement, and verify the disengagement and redeployment of parties鈥� forces. In 2006, MONUC helps conduct the first democratic elections in the DRC in 40 years. The mission remains on the ground to fulfill other aspects of its mandate.